{"id":24796,"date":"2024-03-05T10:19:39","date_gmt":"2024-03-05T15:19:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/photochemistry-tutorials\/"},"modified":"2024-03-05T10:19:39","modified_gmt":"2024-03-05T15:19:39","slug":"photochemistry-tutorials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/fr\/photochemistry-tutorials\/","title":{"rendered":"Photochemistry Tutorials"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\"><br \/>\n<html><body><\/p>\n<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime; admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbsection\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16&Prime; global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbrow\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.4&Prime; background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb width=\u00a0\u00bb100%\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.16&Prime; custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding__hover=\u00a0\u00bb|||\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.4&Prime; _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb||0px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||0px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<h2>For Aspiring Photochemists Young and Old<\/h2>\n<p>From time to time, it&rsquo;s important to look back at some of the basics of photochemistry with a few tutorials. Every day, someone somewhere in a chemistry lab near you turns on an LED for the very first time. And while that aspiring photochemist stares hopefully at the warm blue glow shining from their fume hood dreaming of what&rsquo;s to come, (Seriously kids, don&rsquo;t do this. Wear your orange safety glasses, these lights are really, really bright), they are overcome by a similar panic. \u00ab\u00a0I don&rsquo;t have any idea what I&rsquo;m doing\u00a0\u00bb. At this moment it seems like there are only two choices, fake it and keep making molecules or turn off the LEDs and read a bunch of reviews. Now, there are more photochemistry great reviews than someone can read in a lifetime, many spanning 100s of pages documenting the entirety of human history since \u00ab\u00a0Let there be light.\u00a0\u00bb A few of our favorites that we&rsquo;ve shared over the years are <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.joc.6b01449\">here<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00416?ref=pdf\">here<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00332?ref=pdf\">here<\/a>. And while no one has actually read every word in these reviews, they are a useful resource when you need a starting set of references for a thesis or a set of reagents to set up a screen or have a few free weeks to fill. However, this is not always the most welcoming starting point for someone new to the field.<\/p>\n<p>Luckily, there&rsquo;s a third option. Keep making those molecules and skim a few quick summaries on your phone over a coffee or a train ride. For that we have you covered. Much like Disney sells the same kid&rsquo;s movies to new a new batch of kids every 4 years, it&rsquo;s time to recycle and highlight some content we&rsquo;ve written in the past while adding a few of our favorite perspectives from the literature tutorials on topics we haven&rsquo;t had a chance to write about before. Why do this? Mainly, because we&rsquo;re proud of what we&rsquo;ve written in the past and we think some of you might find it useful. So, if you already know everything there is to know about photochemistry perhaps this post isn&rsquo;t for you, and you would like to peruse some advanced <a href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/fr\/photoreacteurs-accessoires-led-et-plus-encore\/photoreacteur-avance-lucent-360\/\">photochemistry topics<\/a>. For everyone else here&rsquo;s a quick look at an introduction to photochemistry. Each of the following links can be read in less than the time it takes to drink a single cup of coffee.<\/p>\n<h3>Photochemistry 101:<\/h3>\n<p>When we (HepatoChem) started selling photoreactors around 2016, most of the photochemistry that we were interested in at the time was of the iridium and nickel variety, with a blue LED and not much else. Had things simply stopped there, we probably wouldn&rsquo;t still be selling photoreactors and the field would have gotten quite boring. Instead, things have progressed faster and farther than we could ever imagine with new chemistry, new wavelengths, new products, and endless possibilities. Our first few links here set out to lay out some simple fundamentals of photochemistry for a new and growing audience.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00bb <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/photochemistry-101-everything-you-need-to-know-to-get-started-part-i\/\"><strong>Photochemistry 101, Part I: Everything You Need To Know To Get Started<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00bb <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/photochemistry-101-part-ii-understanding-and-measuring-light-sources\/\"><strong>Photochemistry 101, Part II: Understanding and Measuring Light Sources<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00bb <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/photochemistry-101-part-iii-setting-up-your-initial-photochemistry-reactions\/\"><strong>Photochemistry 101, Part III: Setting Up Your Initial Photochemistry Reactions<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Photochemistry 201:<\/h3>\n<p>Once we started making our own LEDs, we spent some time learning what exactly was going on inside those LEDs we were selling. Where do LEDs come from? How do LEDs exist in so many colors, what&rsquo;s going on inside? We learned a lot about the rare earth metals that exist inside and spent some time discussing it all in a blog post.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00bb <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/how-they-get-your-led-light-that-color\/\"><strong>How do they make that LED that color?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A few questions in the literature about commercial photoreactor designs prompted us to test out a few reactions in our PhotoRedox Boxes&#x2122; and put together our thoughts on the topic of best practices for comparing photoreactors. For this one, probably need to choose a larger coffee.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00bb <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/comparing-commercial-photoreactors\/\"><strong>Comparing Commercial Photoreactors<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The launch of our advanced photoreactor the Lucent360&#x2122; prompted us to get a little sentimental and discuss the history of Photoreactor design at Hepatochem and our company in general.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00bb <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/introducing-the-lucent360-tm\/\"><strong>Introducing the Lucent360&#x2122;<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Photochemistry 301<\/h3>\n<p>We have written about many topics over the years in our <a href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/fr\/blog\/\">blog<\/a> discussing some of our favorite papers of the weird and unexpected variety ranging from photocatalysis with flower extracts, Fenton Boats and Seawater as a reaction solvent. We try to cover as broad a range as possible although a few important topics have gone criminally unrepresented. Whether we could never quite find the right paper to discuss, didn&rsquo;t have necessary background to explain it or just felt readers would be better off reading the full paper for themselves a few important topics have been missed. For that we thought we would add a few quick tutorials and perspectives to this post.<\/p>\n<p>We have been looking to write about enantioselective photochemistry for quick some time. It&rsquo;s really one of the most elegant extensions of the field of photocatalysis in recent years and has been on the shortlist for newsletter topics for quite some time. This quick recent perspective by Xuemeng Chen and Soren Kramer gives a far better introduction and outlook on enantioselective functionalization with photochemistry than we could ever hope to summarize for ourselves. So, for that, we recommend that you read the whole thing&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00bb Photoinduced transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective functionalization of non-acidic C(sp<sup style=\"font-size: 75%;\">3<\/sup>)-H bonds<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2667109323004426\">Open Access<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>As we start to dabble in photobiocatalysis (more on this to come soon) we&rsquo;ve been reading a bit more on this topic that we&rsquo;ve never really taken any time to discuss. If you are new to the field and want a quick start into some interesting photobiocatalyzed reactions, this recent work by Christoph Winkler at the University of Graz and an army of coworkers is worth a read.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00bb Exciting Enzymes: Current State and Future Perspective of Photobiocatalysis<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cptc.202200325\">Open Access<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>We get a lot of requests from polymer chemists regarding PhotoRedox Boxes&#x2122; and PhotoRedox Box TC&#x2122; (Temperature Controlled) reactors to do photoinitiated polymerization and depolymerization reactions. And while we acknowledge that it&rsquo;s an incredibly important field, it has been underrepresented in our monthly topics. This recent minireview by Fabian Eisenreich looks at the fundamentals behind photocatalysis in depolymerization reactions. A great read to get an overview of the field.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>\u00bb Photocatalysis as an Effective Tool for Upcycling Polymers into Value-Added Molecules<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1002\/anie.202301303\">Open Access<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Thanks for reading or skimming our list of topics and hopefully you clicked through to a few that caught your eye. If you have a topic or paper, you think we should discuss send your comments to <a href=\"mailto:info@hepatochem.com\">info@hepatochem.com<\/a>.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/body><\/html><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From time to time, it\u2019s useful to take a step back and look at some of the basics of photochemistry.   This month we thought we would share a few of our favorite short quick reads, on fundamental photochemistry topics.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7786,"featured_media":24797,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"We are huge fans of what could be classified as \u201ccreative photocatalysts\u201d. One of our favorite papers over the past few years was this work that we wrote about <a href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/photoredox-chemistry-organic-dyes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a> using Hypericum flowers as an organic dye for C-C bond formation. A few dried flower petals, a base and an LED and you have a new photochemical reaction. So, if your paper can be described as using a \u201cFenton Boat photocatalyst\u201d, well you have our attention.\r\nIf you Google \u201cFenton Boats\u201d, you get links to a boat shop in Fenton, Michigan, but we\u2019ll argue that soon you will get this recent paper in Angewandte from Zhijun Chen and coworkers entitled, \u201cA Sustainable Wood-Based Iron Photocatalyst for Multiple Uses with Sunlight: Water Treatment and Radical <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202301242\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Photopolymerization<\/a>\u201d\r\nWhat\u2019s a Fenton Boat? Stick around and we\u2019ll explain. And show you a video of a photocatalyst boat.\r\n\r\nEmbed tweet:\r\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">A Sustainable Wood-Based Iron Photocatalyst for Multiple Uses with Sunlight: Water Treatment and Radical Photopolymerization (Zhijun Chen and co-workers) <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/ayHH23uBwY\">https:\/\/t.co\/ayHH23uBwY<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/m4a8kJ0jet\">pic.twitter.com\/m4a8kJ0jet<\/a><\/p>\u2014 Angewandte Chemie (@angew_chem) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/angew_chem\/status\/1653374294762614786?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">May 2, 2023<\/a><\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\nWhile we had a little fun with that lead up that may make it seem that we are making light of this work, we\u2019re not. This is truly impressive. The authors made a sustainable, useful photocatalyst out of three of the cheapest things available, wood, iron and sunlight. There are many big picture problems that can be aided with photocatalysis. But there are certain problems where the task is so vast like water treatment that the solution needs to be less than cheap to have any chance of making a realistic improvement. Few things are cheaper than wood, iron and sunlight.\r\nA sustainable catalyst should be recyclable and derived from sustainable materials. Iron oxides are well known materials for heterogenous photocatalysis, although to be successful often need to be modified with photosensitizers or frameworks derived from fossil fuels. Wood is a natural replacement. Natural wood is fluorescent and phosphorescent due to lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. For this work, modified wood doped with iron oxide acts as a photosensitizer for photocatalytic cycles, mainly photo-Fenton reactions and photopolymerizations.\r\nThe catalyst is prepared by treating wood with BBr3 to remove the methyl groups from the lignin and creating free phenols. The D-Wood was then treated with FeCl3 followed by NaOH. This process was repeated 5 times, to give Fe3O4-D-Wood containing 19% weight percent Fe3O4 (Figure 1). This material was then extensively characterized, to an extent that we can\u2019t do justice in this short piece. An alphabet soup of techniques characterized the structure including computer tomography (CT), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, XPS, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and visible absorption spectroscopy. All the data support a new material capable of proton electron transfer (PET) reactions consisting of a wood chamber filled with Fe3O4 particles coordinated by free phenols. The material has red-shifted absorbance observed after treating the D-Wood with iron confirming ligand to metal interactions. Fluorescence (1.64 ns) and Phosphorescence decay (0.38 ms) of D-Wood were confirmed demonstrating singlet and triplet states, while both were both suppressed upon addition iron, suggesting the new catalyst has non-emissive excited states. Similar characterization of Fe3O4-Wood (no demethylation) demonstrates the importance of the free phenols to catalytic activity.\r\nFigure 1: Fe3O4-D-Wood photocatalyst\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe authors next set up an experiment to test their new catalyst for the Photo-Fenton degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) with H2O2. In the dark, Fe3O4, Fe3O4-Wood, a mixture of separate iron and D-wood powders as a control and Fe3O4-D-Wood powder showed slow degradation (0.002-0.007 min-1). Turn on the artificial sunlight source and Fe3O4-D-Wood increases to 0.13 min-1 with 99% degradation of rhodamine by UV\/Vis spectra while no increased rate was observed for the other species. Controls confirm that reaction is proceeding via the wood catalyst and not iron leaching into solution. Further experiments varying pH, testing stability of the catalyst and recycling the catalyst were all performed with a simulated pollution sample for the degradation of 8 common pollutants. After 40 minutes of irradiation, 51% of organic contaminants were removed.\r\nAs one does when making photocatalysts, the authors also tested materials made of different sources of natural wood including Beech wood, Pine wood, and Red Walnut with small variations in efficacy. Why did we feel the need to add this detail? Because for some reason the idea that different species of trees have different photochemical properties based on the structure of their lignin is fascinating to us simple chemists.\r\nSo, we promised you a Fenton Boat? Why a boat? Because small powder chunks of the wood catalyst sink to the bottom of a polluted body of water, limiting interaction with sunlight while a boat floats. The wooden boat was treated with BBr3\/Fe conditions to generate a Fenton Boat that floats. The Fenton Boat absorbs polluted water via capillary action into the wood and concentrates in the pores and degrades via the Fenton reaction initiated by the photocatalyst. In a test experiment using artificial sunlight nearly 100% of RhB degradation was observed and in polluted water organic contaminants decreased by ~66%. The boat can be reused and more importantly recovered and moved by magnets. Just an incredible idea. There is far more work left to discuss including their experiments looking at radical traps, the kinetics, and discussion of mechanism, but we know everyone just wants to see the boat. For the purposes of scale, we\u2019ll note that the boat fits inside a 1 L beaker. To clean up a larger body of water, we\u2019re going to need a bigger boat.\r\n\r\nFor a video of the boat in action click through here.","_et_gb_content_width":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[486,483],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-educational","category-feature-2"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Photochemistry Tutorials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hepatochem.com\/fr\/photochemistry-tutorials\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Hepatochem\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture 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